In aquaculture, providing economical, nutritious, and environmentally friendly feed has always been one of the biggest challenges. Earthworms, with their high protein content featuring balanced amino acids, as well as suitable fats, minerals, and vitamins, are an optimal option for replacing expensive and scarce protein sources such as fish meal currently in use. Cultivating these worms is simple and low-cost, and given their wide tolerance range of environmental factors, their cultivation is feasible in many areas without the need for special facilities. Another advantage of earthworms is that they are a byproduct of producing organic fertilizer (vermicompost). Vermicompost is made from animal manure or household and agricultural waste, making its production environmentally friendly. Additionally, organic fertilizer can be used to fertilize earthen ponds. Processing and utilizing earthworms in aquaculture feed has been a constraint that has hindered their commercial use. This article presents the nutritional value of earthworms, as well as methods of processing and utilizing them in aquaculture diets.

In this study, the effects of diets supplemented with 13. 5%, 22. 5%, 31. 5% and 51. 7% (diet groups; D1, D2, D3, D4, respectively) egg flour instead of fish meal on blood proteins, lipids and ion levels pigmentation of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish (initial weight and length, 72. 87± 0. 73 g, 18. 11± 0. 06 cm, respectively) were distributed into 15 fiberglass rectangular (200 cm×40 cm ×40 cm) tanks in a 5×3 experimental design (5 diet groups×3 replicate groups) with a density of 30 juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) per tank. Fish were fed with four different diets containing egg flour, and a basal diet (not supplemented) for 12 weeks. The results of oneway ANOVA test showed that blood proteins, lipids and ion levels of fish were affected by dietary supplementation of egg flour. Serum glucose level in the D4 group was significantly lower (p<0. 05) than the other diet groups. Serum total protein (TP) levels in D4 and D3 group were significantly higher (p<0. 05) than the other diet groups. Serum uric acid, creatinin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and urea levels increased in the D4 group. It was concluded that replacing with 50% egg flour in rainbow trout diet decreased the serum ion levels of magnesium (Mg+), calcium (Ca+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and phosphorus (P) %. However, serum Cl-levels were not statistically different among the groups (p>0. 05). On the other hand, serum lipid levels concluded an increasing tendency with the increasing percentage of supplement in the fish diet. The results of the present work indicate that compared to the experimental diets, it can also be concluded that when egg flour is used in rations of over 50% in rainbow trout it has significantly negative effects on blood protein, lipid and ion concentration.

Studies on nutrient utilization and growth performance of Beluga (Huso huso) raised on five feeding schedules (treatment 1 continuously fed plant protein diet, treatment 2 continuously fed fish meal diet, treatment 3 alternate feeding of a 1-day plant protein diet; followed by a 1-day fish meal diet, treatment 4 plant protein diet in the morning fallowed by fish meal diet in the afternoon and treatment 5 fish meal diet in the morning followed by plant protein diet in the afternoon) in 3 replication (20 fish in each repetition) under laboratory conditions showed that continuous feeding with Fish meal diet (treatment 2) resulted in maximum growth, which was not significantly different from treatments 4 and 5 (p<0.05). While feeding with plant protein diet (treatment 1) and feeding every other day (treatment 3) led to a decrease in fish growth performance (p<0.05). In terms of protein digestibility, the best treatments were 2, 4 and 5, which did not show any significant difference with other treatments (p<0.05). The highest amount of muscle arginine belonged to treatments 2, 4 and 5, which was significantly higher than muscle arginine of fish fed with treatments 1 and 3 (p<0.05). Also, the highest amount of glycine was observed in treatment 5, which was not significantly different from other treatments except treatment 1. No significant difference was observed in the amounts of other muscle amino acids of the experimental treatments (p<0.05). The obtained results showed that the alternating change of the dietary protein source during one day (morning and evening and vice versa) does not have any negative effect on the growth performance and feed efficiency, and in most of the nutritional factors, it is equal to the treatment fed with fish meal.

This experiment was designed to survey the nutritive value and estimate protected-protein level of Protanomix as a new protein source and compare it with soybean meal. Protanomix is a brown powder by separating the precipitate produced from the reaction of tannin with corn-steep liquor. Crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME) in this protein source is nearly similar to soybean meal, and more than 80% of its protein content is insoluble. In this study, potential of in vitro gas production in Protanomix was significantly (P˂0.001) lower than the control treatment (soybean meal); however, substitution of soybean meal at different levels of Protanomix in experimental diets did not lead to significant changes in gas production parameters (P˃0.05). Comparing Protanomix with soybean meal (control) showed that in vitro truly degraded dry matter (IVTDDM), estimated metabilizable energy (ME) and pH were similar (P˃0.05). However, short chain fatty acids (SCFA), apparently in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMAD) and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) were significantly higher in soybean meal (P˂0.01) than Protanomix, while partitioning factor (PF), microbial protein synthesis (MPS) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS) were greater in Protanomix than soybean meal (P˂0.05). Nonetheless, when soybean meal was substituted with different levels of Protanomix in the experimental diets, only concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) was significantly decreased (P˂0.001).

Introduction: Alternative punishments of imprisonment, which are called as a new approach of the penal system to fight against the negative consequences of prison, have many effects and consequences that need to be investigated. Therefore, in this study, while examining the types of alternative punishments, the moral and social effects of the implementation of these punishments have been explored. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted using an analytical-descriptive method. In this study, in order to provide an appropriate answer to the question presented, by referring to the theoretical bases (books) and articles published in the ISC, Magiran, Civilica, SID and Ensani in the years 2011 to 2023 and with the method of extracting the existing legal provisions, the effectiveness of this type of punishment was also criticized in reaching the intended goals. Conclusion: The results of this study show that with the implementation of such punishments, the level of public trust, the growth of morals and social capital in the society will also improve. Therefore, the implementation of these punishments, while reducing the criminal population of prisoners and reforming them, provides better implementation of social justice and improvement of public trust, emotional and financial support for the families of criminals